The treaty of guadalupe Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The treaty of guadalupe - Research Paper Example Therefore, this decision led to the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe in the late 1840s (Menchaca 215). Since Mexico lost its boundaries, it subsequently lost the current states of Arizona, California, Utah, New Mexico, and Colorado including Wyoming. As a result, the country felt the need of finding a solution to compensate the entire loss. A meeting was thus held among commissioners from the two rival countries with the purpose of coming up with some brilliant ideas that would be used in coming up with the final solution (Acuna 123). History reveals that, Nicholas Trist (chief clerk of the State Department) and another American representative to President Polk (General Winfield) set off to meet their Mexican counterpart-General Jose Joaquin. The first meeting bore no fruits and not even a tiny resolution was brought to book (Schultz 422). The delegates to the meeting resolved to arrange for a second one, as their zeal to bring about peace was undoubtedly strong. When the time came , the delegates met a second time, and their talks were in vain lastly coming up without a solution. Failure to come with a long lasting solution meant no peace in the territories USA had acquired from the rival. Thus, USA sent Nicholas Trist for a third time, on the third meeting; he purposely went out to meet other leaders from the fallen government of Mexico. These were, Don Bernado Couto, Don Miguel de Atristain, and don Luis Gonzaga Cuevas. They were all government officials of a government, which in a way had fallen (Porterfield 5). In the treaty, fresh boundaries were set between the two countries, Mexico succeeded to win its bid on a number of territories namely, Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuejiijij o Mexico though not cited in entire treaty. Following the years of 1836, more and precisely straight boundaries were set in an attempt to avoid further war eruptions. The border consisted of Rio Grande at the northwest part with a successive stretch further north to border S anta Fe de Nuevo Mexico. Through the Gila River, to the west, the border took a straight dimension to the port of San Diego (Porterfield 17). This gave a more geographic outlook on the positions of various locations like the Lower California. Mexico realized that it was almost losing some important territories that had steered the occurrence of the war. By the time this realization came, the country had already lost quite a considerable piece of it land to remain on the current area of approximately 1,972,550  km?. as a result, United States succeeded in the seizure of Nevada, California, and Utah with its boundaries cutting further to western parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming. At the long run, USA had claimed an additional land of 1.36 million km? naming it the Mexican cession. In accordance to Adams-Onis’ treaty relating to the boundary, Mexico recovered only 45% of the regions fought for. Mexicans agreed in the treaty that Rio Grande would be the Texas border (M enchaca 219). Nicholas Trist and Winfield Scott of the U.S.A conducted the negotiations and drafting of the treaty with the Mexicans since further war would ultimately bear no fruits. This happened in defiance of President’s Polk orders to fight further in an attempt to claim more territories. Trist presented the treaty to the â€Å"House of Senate† in his country U.S.A for complements (Acuna 248). The

Compare how the representation Essay Example for Free

Compare how the representation Essay I am going to focus on two tabloid newspapers, the Daily Mail and the Daily Mirror by comparing and contrasting on how the representation of celebrities reinforces or undermines their celebrity status. In an edition of both the Daily Mail and the Daily mirror on the same day, both newspapers have chosen to exploit the story of Michael Jackson being cleared of all ten charges and also from 20 years of prison. The Daily Mirror is a standard blue top mid-range tabloid; presented the story the front page coverage along with the same size devoted the score in football and the player of the week. This suggests that the Daily Mirror do print out articles about the sports events but also that they heavily focus on celebrity news, especially on a high famous celebrity like Michael Jackson. The headline reads Not guilty as well as colouring the Not on the headline red and in bold text implying as Jackson was going through a war and also to draw in the attention of the reader. The word not in red does also contrast and give an impression of something dreadful has happened to Jackson. However, this shows that the Daily Mirror is supporting Jackson but also in the other hand he has been pictured in between the time his facial reaction shows the readers of him being tired and most of all hated himself from going through all the hassle in the court which he had to clear off to become guiltless. The article also prints a photograph of Michael Jackson in colour suggesting that they do want sensationalise Jackson taking a positive side to the story. The sub-headline reads trial sensation as Jacko cleared of ALL TEN CHARGES has been underlined with red to denote to the audience that important information has been presented. By doing this the audience will be aware of the sentence. In the sub-headline ALL TEN CHARGES was printed out in capital letters to specifically highlight to the readers that Jackson is a free man and cleared from all ten charges. In comparison, the Daily Mail took the story very similar to the Daily Mirror but structured in different way. Likewise they dedicate the front page about Michael Jackson alike in Daily Mirror. The headline reads cleared so this just informs the audience the fact about Michael Jackson being cleared of all ten charges. The Daily Mail not only states about Jacksons cleared charges, but it also talks about his personal life such as finances, poor health and etc. The Daily Mail does also read, His health has visibly determined over the months of the trial, this is evidenced from the front page article beneath the photograph of Michael Jackson. However, both newspapers depend heavily upon the importance of celebrity stories. The layout, colours, use of language and etc, has been applied in both newspapers very differently. As a result after analysing both newspapers, both newspapers supported him. This is because both tabloid newspapers do not comment on his personal life whenever he was judged wrong, but also they dont discuss neither about him as being suspicious on him or try to show that he is guilty. Therefore it seemed to be as a reader that the Daily Mail and the Daily Mirror reinforces Michael Jackson rather than undermine him.

Films As A Form Of Mass Media Media Essay

Films As A Form Of Mass Media Media Essay When was the last time we spent without media. From the time we get up till we go to bed some form of media is being a part of us. One of the very early and important aspects of communication began with the research in mass media and its influence on public. Such kind of researches began in late nineteenth century and 20th century. The Birmingham center undertook cultural studies analysis on audience. They propagated the idea that the socio-economic life-situation of the audience, their education, class, caste, gender, ethnic and language position had to serve as environment to understand the meaning they make of the media products. In the 1990s Straut Hall redefined the Media Product function in terms of its being a structure of dominance in culture. Todays society is one that is shaped and molded by the mass media. Basically, culture is nothing more than a product of the mass media. However there was significant change in this field of cultural studies in the year 1980s to 1990s, which dealt with the complication of the model of culture as a site of hegemonic contestation between the dominant and the subordinate group. The theories related to culture and communication have depicted how the locations of distinct social groups affects their communication with the hierarchy of location (of the social group) been categorized on the basis of color, class, genders and sexual orientation. This led to the study of these minority groups differently. The revolution and upheaval in the sixties and seventies included a vibrant sexual revolution aided by the feminist movement. It was one of the turning points for the study of queer theory and culture. This change in the cultural studies in general and homosexuality in particular came with the emergence of radical interpretation of queer theory which originated from gay and lesbian studies as a post-modern interpretation of h omosexuality. Prior to the coining of the term queer theory, the study of deviant sexuality was called as gay and lesbian studies. 1.1 MASS MEDIA Mass media is a form of media which is addressed for large audiences (masses). It can be any form of media, broadcast such as television or radio, films, print media such as newspapers, magazines, pamphlets etc. In todays generation internet media can also be considered as mass media because most these existing Medias use internet media to have an advantage of the available medium in many regions of the world. This medium can be termed as the interactive media. To understand mass media first and important step is to understand communication. (Biagi, 1992) Communication is defined as an act of sending or receiving or understanding messages or meaning when delivered from one person to another. When communication is defined in relevance to mass media it can be called as a centralized form of communication. Wallace.C.Fortheringham A process of involving the selection, production, and transmission of signs in such a way as to help a receiver perceive a meaning similar to that in the mind of the communicator. (Andal.N, 1998) Communication through mass media is known as mass communication. Mass communication means using a form of mass media to deliver messages immediately to a large group of people. Mass media today has become one of the popular media as it focuses on the prominent stories which will be of interest to the general public audiences. It is a huge industry as many people all over the world rely on it for some purpose or the other. Mass media today has become one of the most critical parts of human societies. Understanding mass media usually is a process of understanding a population and its culture. These are the tools of large scale manufactures and the distribution of information and related messages. Medium is the message. (Marshall, 1964). This means that mass media are technologies but they are also messages. Todays modern mass media have several functions similar to those fulfilled by the traditional media in some ancient societies. Western modern theorist such as Denis McQuail identified the three major functions of a mass media that is 1) surveivallance of environment 2) interpretation of the information and 3) transmission of heritage. But in todays generation mass medias major functions are information, entertainment, advertising and development. (Dennis, 1998) Though these may be the functions of mass media it does not necessarily mean that audience will perceive mass media for the same reasons. In the book The Play Theory of Mass Communication, William Stephenson argues that fun is both the greatest impact and also the public service of the mass media. So for few mass media might be for time-fillers, for some to fulfill their psychological and social needs, few for information and entertainment. This means that people will perceive media the way they want and according to their likes. Mass media in India has been a major aspect of the society. Its here that media is not consumed for one particular purpose but it is consumed for all, such as information, television, controversies, news, gossips, and chats, psychological or any other. Indian mass media industry has very well understood the societies mind set and they accordingly produce the media products. Its only here where the traditional forms of communication still exist and it also considered being a mass media, example: Folk media. 1.2 EFFECTS OF MASS MEDIA Media effects mean different things to different people, for example for a psychologist effects will mean psychological, for a socialist it will be social so in this way effects differs from person to person. Effects can be classified in various types and gradations as short-term, long-term or deep, profound or superficial. Whoever says the first word to the world is always right said Joseph Goebbels, a mass communication practitioner of odious capability. (Klapper, 1960) . Mass communication is highly effective in creating attitudes on newly arisen or newly evoked issues and that the point of view first expressed will prevail over later persuasive communication in the country. Media effects have been debated and researched for decades together. The mass media has become such an important aspect and an everyday part of the society that many fail to realize the immense impact created by it on the society, aspects such as political, economic and cultural. Mass media today make peoples mind more stereotype and ideological. They do not let people have their own perception about the world rather they make public perceive what they think. For example the transgender. Medias portrayal of transgender has always been comical, tragic or untouchables due to which the society also disagrees to accept them as a part of them. This concept is called as the agenda setting. Media creates an agenda and puts its straight into the publics head and does not allow them to rethink over any of the information provided by it. The work by Harold Lasswell World Outside and the Picture Inside which was the reason for the emerge of the theory agenda setting also says; what public has in mind is totally different from the actual aspects. Walter Lippmann and Boas research on media says that media was biased and subjective and not objective. But at the same time media has positive effects on the societies also. Its only because of mass media the world has come clo ser and international and national information are reaching every region of the world. Media effects are in two ways 1) the individual effects and the societal effects. Today people spend more time in interacting with mass media. Of the approximately 40 hours per week of free time available to average person, 15 hours or 38 percent are spent watching television said Robinson and Goodbey 1997:126. (Ryan Wentworth, 1999). This is more time when compared to the other hobbies or outdoor activities of a human being in their free time. Because people spend much of the time with mass media there evolves an emotional involvement and those are often coined to be negative. As these individual effects are difficult to show empirically. In this same way are the societal effects, where media impact is straight on the society itself and our social world. But these societal effects are easier to see than the individual effects. Media effects can be both positive and negative effects. Media plays a major role in changing the public opinions because they have major access to people and this eventually gives a lot of strength to media. This strength can either be used in a positive way as in educating people or in an unconstructive way by misleading the innocent people. Media has the power to transform the whole society especially in developing countries it can become a weapon of mass destruction. For example : 26/11 Bombay attack media played both positive role in informing the society about second to second happenings of the attack at the same time media also played a role of creating confusion for the government and helping the terrorist with information. Media men have access to people and they have an audience. 1.3 FILMS AS A FORM OF MASS MEDIA The motion picture today is the greatest medium of expression the world has ever known. [It is] capable of giving life and form to all ideas, practical and emotional Its only limitation [is] human ingenuity-said by John.F.Kennedy, A.S.C, 1930. (Sanders Norris, 2001). John.F.Kennedy was an inventor and an American cinematographer. Another footprint in the sand of communication is after the invention of films. Cinema or film a form of Mass Media has become a powerful tool since the day it was introduced to the world. Cinematographic derived from the Greek word meaning movement and writing was invented by the Lumeire Brothers. In 1929, The Lights of Newyork the first talking film was screened. Cinema came to India in 1986, when the film Pundalik directed by R.G.Torney and N.C.Chitra was released in 18th may. The film industry has grown rapidly for the past years and has brought about a lot of changes in the society. Film Communication a process of transferring meanings or informations trough visual receptors. It is a man who creates this form of communication. There exists a cognitive relationship between a filmmaker and a viewer. Cinema is perhaps the mainstreams of all art forms and most accessed and most preferred especially in India. Therefore, it is very important to understand how the country, its people and its aspirations are represented in the cinema. Cinemas can be a form of art, entertainment, social document or critique. Film is a reflection of society for both the present and the past. Film and its innovation sometimes have to catch up to society but sometimes it leads the society and culture too. Lot of studies have been made on the impact of films on the societies culture but however there were a significant changes in the field of cultural studies in the 1980s and the 1990s which dealt with the complications of the model of culture as a site of hegemonic contestation between dominant and the subordinate groups. In todays system of movie making each of the six major studios makes less than 20 movies per year. The rest comes from individual producers, investment, distributors, exhibition each handled by different companies. Most of these independent movies are distributed by the six studios. Film as one such form of mass media has a great impact on the societies in many ways. Film industry is one of the most expensive and discovering industry in mass media. In true sense it is a dream industry. Today movies are created by one group, funded by the second group, sold by the third group and shows by the fourth group. The first group is producers, directors, second group are investors, third are distributors and the final group the exhibitors. Todays generation films have handled a lot of controversial topic has a main plot in this movies. Topics such as religion, terror attacks, transgender, homosexuality, child labor, poverty etc. Movies have actually brought to the world an idea about all the above through their stories and concepts. But at the same time they idealize or generalize few things for the profit sake and public believes it and it finally becomes a stereotype process. This majorly happens in Indian cinemas as most of the stories relate to the audience, if not the story at least segment of it will. Indian movies have a better impact on the audience compared to other movies because it is only in this country people go to the theatre as a practice, habit , sometimes even for information. 1.4 A BRIEF HISTORY OF INDIAN CINEMA (quote) The first and the foremost Indian film show occurred in1896 in July 7th just few months after the Lumiere brothers introduced the art of cinematography in 1895 in Paris. Western Film makers started to take movies such as Fair (1897), Our Indian empire (1897), A Panaroma of Indian Scenes and Procession (1898), and Poona Races 98 (1898), by using Indias exotic culture and its scenery. The first Indian film made by an Indian was Wrestlers by Harischandra S.Bhatyaddekhar in 1899.Harischandra S.Bhatyadekhar is also popularly known as Sava Dada. In 1905 the Elphinstone Bioscope company was established by J.F.Madan, who mainly the first businessman who first envisaged the business opportunity in the Indian film industry. Elphinstone Bioscope Company showed mainly western movies. The first Indian feature film , Pundalik was made in 1912 as a result of growing demand from the audience to see Indian characters on screen. But it was shot by English man and it never really received the acclaim of being an independent feature film. In 1931 the first Indian talkie was made Alam Ara which was a costumed drama of fantasy and songs and was a big success. Soon after this music and fantasy was seen as a vital element of filmic experience. For example: In 1932 Indrasabha has about 70 songs. This was the era when music became a vital part of the industry. Then fascination for social themes aroused and also interplay of tradition with modernization was included in the film making process.by the time of 1940s cinematography played a major role in Indian movies and was a great deal of westernization in the Indian popular cinema along with other features such as dance , fantasy etc. It was during this time that India was going through an economic and cultural changes and religion played a major role in the movies as well as the country. It was this time when directors and actors such like Bimal Roy, Raj Kapooe, Guru Dutt, V Santaram, Mehaboob Khan became popular in both India as well as abroad. The popular cinema art established a form of art , entertainment and industry in 1950s.It was during this period movies such as Awara (The Vagabond, 1951), Pyaasa (Thrist,1957), Kaagaz Ke Phool (Paper Flower, 1959), Shree 420 (Mr., 420, 1955), Mother India (1957), The Apu Trilogy by Sathyajit Ray consisting of Pather Panchali (Song of Road,1955), Aparajito (The Unvanquished, 1956) and Apu Sansar (The World of Apu, 1959) came out. In 1960, the Film Finance Corporation, which was later formed as National Film Development Corporation, for Financing and exporting films was established and by 1961 Film Institute of Pune was started. By 1985 Indian cinema became totally commercialized and few of those movies are Aradhana (1969), Bobby (1973) and Sholay (1975).While movies of 70s seen a lot of politics and social trends movies of 80s saw a violence in the cinema. By the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th love, affection, passion became a major portion of the cinema and most of the movies were around this plot. Movies such as Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998) , Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1995 ) , Dil to Pagal hai (1997). Today Indian cinema has become more modernized and advanced in technology and with the script and the plot. 1.5 BOLLYWOOD CINEMA Cinema, one Indian film critic has summarized as temples of India (Gupta, 1981) .They are designed to seduce monumental spaces, gleam with light and color, vestibules are plastered with posters of gods and goddess and red carpet Exide desire and wantonness. Devotees come in huge number to take worship, to take darshan at the shrine of the new image, the oneiric image that will create their new gods and even new images. The growth of Indian cinema is obvious from its statistics: 800 films per year shown in more than thirteen thousand urban cinemas, viewed by about 11 million people every day and exported to about 100 countries. Between 1913 and 1981 more than 15 thousand movies were produced in India. Dadasaheb produced the first Indian film Raja Harishchand.In 1983 it was Indias sixth largest industry , grossing around 600$ annually and employees around 300 thousand workers. The first ever movie to be screened in India was in Watsons Hotel in Bombay on the 7th of July 1986. Cinema remains the cultural dominant of India, its sole model of national unity. (Chakravathy, 1993).The structure of the film is therefore designed in to accommodate deep fantasies belonging to extraordinary varied group of people, from illiterate workers to sophisticated urbanities. India is a large country with almost 180 official languages. Films are made in almost 30 of the official languages but among them few are very famous and commercialized. Those languages are Hindi, Tami, Malayalam, Kanada, Bengali; Telugu. This is a great deal of mobility in the Indian film industry. Having established their talent in the regional industry many have travelled and worked in both national as well as international industries, For example: A.R.Rahaman. This industry has spawned countless fan magazines consumed by an ever-widening community of national and diaspora readers. Even in the flourishing are of television, both local and cable, the impact of cinema is present everywhere. Indian cinema nursed a feeling of not being up to the standards of European or Hollywood cinema, not really world class. But with the international recognition of Sathyajit Rays Pather Panchali in Venice (1956) a sense of liberation aroused leaving aside the feeling of inferiority. Moreover since the movie hailed not only as good film but as great Indian film, Indian cinema became aware of the Indians. Among all the above Bollywood industries performance is on the top and its have more percentage of audience compared to others regional languages. Bollywood has its reach all over the country because majority of the people know Hindi in the country. In the context of Indian commercial cinemas basically Hindi cinemas or Bombay cinemas is the largest player. Bombay cinemas have seen to transcended class and also linguistic difference by emphatically stressing and Myths on Indian social survive in spite of the changes. (Raina, 1986). Bollywood fame at the moment is not limited only in South Asia but is also spread far across the ocean. Besides Asia, Bollywood movies are released in east Africa, the Caribbean, the Middle East, Britain, Canada, Australia, the United States and the other countries. People in the east as well as in the west recognize the Bollywood faces like Amitabh Bachchan, Shahrukh Khan and Aishwarya Rai. The dominance of Bollywood stars in the advertising world indicates the popularity of Bollywood. In previous days, Bollywood was famous for its music and dancing, but these days it is famous for the good and sensitive movies. Many Bollywood movies have explored various social issues such as child marriage, polygamy, dowry system, castes and terrorism. 1.6 HOMOSEXUALS Homosexuals or homosexuality is a romantic or sexual attraction between members of the same gender or sex. It is one of the three main categories of sexual orientation along with the bisexual and heterosexuality. Scientific and medical understanding is that sexual orientation is not only the choice but also due to complex interplay of the biological and environmental factors. Today there are many who still holds the fact that homosexuality is unnatural or dysfunctional, many research has shown that homosexuality is an example of normal variation in human sexuality and not a source of psychological effects. The most common terms for homosexuals are lesbians and gays. Lesbians are mentioned for females and gays for males though gay is also used to refer generally to both homosexuals males and females sometimes. These relationships are equivalent to heterosexuals in the same essential psychological respects. Since the movement of the 19th century, there has been a movement towards increased visibility recognition ad legal rights for homosexual people including the rights to marriage and civil unions and parenting, employment, and the introduction to the anti-bullying legislation to protect LGBT minors. LGBT a community in help for the minorities. LGBT expansion is lesbians, gays, bi-sexual and transgender. In use since 1990 the term LGBT is an adaptation of LGB which was a phrase replacing the gay community in late 1980s.This LGBT has become a main stream and has been adopted by many of the English speaking countries? LGBT is generally used to refer the non-heterosexual people or cisgender instead of exclusively to homosexual, lesbians and transgender. The stereotype images about lesbians, gays, and the LGBT people are conventional, generalizations or the opinion created through images or Medias portrayal. A negative stereotype is often a result of homophobia where as positive stereotype also exists but they might still be harmful or hurtful. Kinseys colleague and biographer, Wardell Pomeroy reports that : By the end of 1940 he had recorded more than 450 homosexual histories, enough to convince him that the psychologists were making matters worse by starting with the assumption that homosexuality was an inherited abnormality which could not be cured simply because it was inherent. Kinsey was convinced that there was absolutely no evidence of inheritance. (Pomeroy, 1972) Two theories are related to homosexuality. As in what causes the basic homosexuality attraction. First is that it is oriented by biological and genetic factors to put it in simple term they are born gays or lesbians. The other theory is that they are oriented due to social or environmental factors. In the public sphere later theory has appeared to be in decline and the former gaining favor in the recent decades. American Psychiatric Association, according to them until 1974 homosexuality was a mental illness. Freud had in fact mentioned about homosexuality several times in his writings and he has also concluded that homosexuality and paranoia are inseparable. And since many psychiatrists wrote copiously on the subject, it was treated on a wide basis. Homosexuals have not received proper treatment from the society before and now also. They have been abused in many ways including physical abuse. Hostility and discrimination against homosexual individuals are well-established facts. (Beril, 1990). In fact, more than 90% of gay men and lesbians report being targets of verbal abuse or threats, and more than one-third report being survivors of violence related to their homosexuality. 1.7 MEDIAS POTRAYAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY There are a variety of ways that the media affects and tracks the attitudes that the public has toward homosexuals. (Anderson, Fakhfakh, Kondylis, 1999). Media portrayal of homosexuality people ranges from both positive to negative aspects. The gay community is battling with the negative image and is trying its level best to overcome the stereotypes the television, films and other media have created. Because LGBT people look alike and just like anyone else the media often adds images to make the gay community visible as a difference in skin color, behavior, attitude, habits etc. In many form of entertainment gay are portrayed as promiscuous, flashy and incredibly bold. In recent day there is a huge wide spread views that gays should be omitted from child entertainment which invariably creates controversies. The people in the media were criticizing homosexuals as if there are no homosexual partnerships that exist with simply two people who love each other as in a heterosexual relationship. Most of the homosexual relationships are open and honest it is just that media does not focus on them as they are catering their interest in increasing homophobia by their representation of homosexuals in the news they air , television or films. When homosexuals are portrayed on network television they are usually presented in a negative stereotypical way. (Wood, 1996).However some form of representation of homosexuality which is immediate and economical is required in order to show the exact gayness to the audience. It is often not very practical to portray characters sexuality through narrative or any other form so media starts to rely on the typification. Gay typification makes people visible to the viewer and keeps the homosexuality if the character present throughout the text or the content. So wh ich are clearly both advantages and disadvantages to this form of typification. 1.8 HOMOSEXUALITY IN BOLLYWOOD MOVIES With all of the current media coverage homosexuals are receiving it should come as no surprise that more and more gay characters and gay-themed movies are emerging from Bollywood. These characters and movies often tend to fully personify the Homosexual stereotypes that exist in our society today. Many gay-themed movies have made their way into the lime-light and gay characters are popping up in dozens of mainstream movies. By looking closely at these movies and characters we can see the different messages Bollywood is now sending out about gays. Though homosexual stereotypes are emerging in the movie industry, the stereotypes being generated are extremely different from one another. The gay-themed movies often create one picture of homosexuals, while mainstream movies tend to paint an entirely different picture. Gays are portrayed in perceivably negative ways in some movies and in others their characteristics are emphasized in a positive light and in few in a comical way. Mainstream movies, nowadays, often include minor characters that are gay. With the addition of so many minor, gay characters, endless stereotypes abound in these mainstream movies. Unfortunately, mainstream movies often focus on the negative stereotypes that have already been generated by society, thereby furthering the impact they have on peoples views towards gays. The movies focus on surface-level aspects of homosexuals like the way they act, look, and talk. Most often the movies dont delve into the deeper sides of these characters, thereby sending the message that gays are one dimensional. One strong example of stereotypes in mainstream movie is Dostana. With all the conflicting stereotypes of gays in movies today, it is extremely important that people step back and look at the big picture. They should view some of the lesser-known gay-themed movies so they are presented with a more real look at homosexuals. Too often people try to peg homosexuals as definitively acting one way or another, and if we only view movies that perpetuate stereotypes than our personal ideas of homosexual behavior will most likely remain. Instead, it is important for people to understand that, outside of who they sleep with; gays are no different from everyone else. The movies selected are Dostana, Fire, Dono Y and Girlfriend. All the above four movies deal with the concept of homosexuality in the main plot. All the four movies are well known and have got its own reach among the public. Dostana : 1.9 PERCEPTION ` Perception is many things to us. It is the present, from which the memories of the past and thoughts of the future are created by the brain. It is our reality. People behavior and judgment is based on their perception. They interpret what they see and call it reality. Our perception is an approximation of reality. Our brain attempts to make sense out of the stimuli to which we are exposed. There are five stage processes in the formation of perception: Perception: Sensing Process Perception happens in one or some of the five ways below: Through something seen Through something heard Through something smelled Through something felt by skin Through something tasted. There is an abundance of stimulation hitting our senses in every moment hence some stimulation is filtered out in this state. Then, the stimulation are preserved for which we so our conscious awareness. Perception : Integration The second stage is the integration process which there is a comparison between the filtered in and filtered out data. This comparison largely depends on the area where an individual provides more attention. Thus the stimulus which we focus becomes the attended stimuli. At first, the attended stimuli are turned into images on the retina and later they are transformed into electrical signals that are transferred through the brain. Perception : Analysis This stage, an individual is aware of the environmental stimuli. Thus, they start analyzing and interpreting the perceived objects in order to provide meaning and context to the perceived stimuli. The analysis of the stimuli which an individual has perceived depends on many factors like that of past experiences, feelings, emotions, values, memories, cultural belief sets. The level and the degree of these influences are different for every individual. One same object can be perceived in different manners by different people. For this reason, perception is not called to be real. Perception : Reaction The process of integration and analysis finally leads to the decision making process and thats the time when action needs to be carried out. At the starting level, the decision is to act or not is solely dependent on motivation. Though, an individual feels at some instance that he/she is left with no option but there is always a set of alternatives from which an individual can choose. The meanings which are provided to be perceived stimulus will shape individuals choices and actions. Perception : Decision Making All decisions of human beings are based on the instinct of self-preservation. Every individual tries to maximize their chances of survival and preservation. This common instinct of motivation ends the similarity among individuals and we are hence different among each other from our thoughts, behavior and perception. When individuals express their individuality through their choices they move forward to achieve the goal of self-perception. The two factors affecting individuals perceptions are the internal and the external factors. Internal Factors The internal factors are related to the state of an individual. The internal factor is how the individual behaves for a situation on the basis of his/her mindset, emotions and understanding of the situation. Internal factors also include previous experience and the psychological factor also. An individual learns from the past experiences and moreover the perception is built many a times due to the past experiences. The psychological factor contains the emotions, feeling, behavior, motivation. Individual mindset is a mixer of emotions and hence at many times people tends to show mixed emotions which also affects the perception. External Factors It concerns with the people and the environment with whom an individual grows and survives. It also includes family, peer group friends, cultural group, etc. These peopl

The Cultural Politics of Pokemon Capitalism :: Entertainment Games Collectors Papers

The Cultural Politics of Pokemon Capitalism It is fall 1999 and a jet from Japan has just pulled up to its berth at LAX airport in Los Angeles. Immediately a crowd of kids excitedly gathers by the window to view what appears to be a huge flying Pikachu: the yellowy cute, electrically charged mouse-type pocket monster of what was then the biggest kid’s craze of the decade, Pokemon. Even parents recognize this iconic figure, familiar as they are with the basics of the phenomenon. Starting out as a gameboy game in Japan in 1996, it grew quickly to a multi-stranded empire: comic books, cartoon, movies, trading cards, toy figures, video games, tie-in merchandise. And, starting in 1997, Pokemon got exported, hitting the U.S. in August 1998. The principle of the game, duplicated in the plotline of the movies, cartoons, and comics, is to become a pokemon master by trying to capture all 151 monsters (expanded to 251 in recent editions) inhabiting the playscapes of Poke-world. In this world, any child can become a master lik e Satoshi (Ash in English) who, in the story versions, is the 11 year old protagonist traveling the world with his two buddies, Misty (an 11 year old girl) and Brock (a 15 year old teenage boy). All one needs to do is keep playing: maneuver one’s controls to move through this game space, discovering and catching (mainly by fighting) new monsters whom consequently become pocketed as one’s own. Hence, the name â€Å"pocket monster.† Pocketed monsters are trained to fight new monsters therefore becoming both the medium and end of this game. The logic here is acquisition; â€Å"gotta catch ‘em all† is the catchword of Pokemon. But entwined into this, as Benjamin noted about commodity fetishism at the dawn of modernity, is enchantment. The monsters to be gotten are not only things, possessions, and tools but also enchanting beings akin to spirits, pets, or friends. Pikachu iconizes this weave of relationality taken, I will argue, to the age of millennial postmodernity. With its electric powers, Pikachu is a tough, therefore prized, pokemon. But, with its smallish, yellow body, Pikachu is also cuddly and cute: features played up on screen whe re it becomes the best buddy pokemon of the lead character, Ash. This monster is at once property and pal, capital and companion: the key features in a form of intimate or cute

Marketing Plan and Marketing Strategy

Complete understanding of the marketplace and very careful planning are very important in developing a business strategy that will guarantee success. Successful businesses have certainly all stated with a very efficient and effective marketing plan. In running a business, marketing plays a very important role. The business owner must be knowledgeable with the business’ customers, with their competitors, their strengths and weaknesses. These elements along with others should be well-defined in order to develop a well-written marketing plan and should be carried out though effective marketing strategies. Marketing Plan and its Overall Purpose An excellent marketing plan will draw how the business can catch the attention and retain their customers, how it will content with identified competitors and the needed fund to achieve desirable results. The marketing plan should incorporate a thorough market research, location of the business, the targeted group of customers, competition, product or service to put in the market for sale and effective strategies for promotions and advertisements. A marketing plan assists the business to incorporate its total marketing effort. It makes sure of a logical and organized approach to products and services development in order to meet and satisfy the needs of the customers. (Paul, 2007) Conducting a market research is needed to start an effective marketing plan. Through market research, relevant data will be gathered in order to help the business to solve possible problems in marketing. Frequently, the most common way of conducting market research is though survey via direct mail, telephone survey or facilitating a focus group session. Derivative or secondary data is also important to a successful market plan. Studies and reports done by different sectors of the society, like the government, associations and other businesses within the industry can provide very significant data and statistics on the research area. Consumer behavior research as the scientific study of the processes consumers use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products and services that satisfy their needs is very important in market research. Consumer behavior unswervingly affects marketing strategy. This is because of the concept of marketing, the idea that firms are present to satisfy customer needs (Winer, 2000). In writing the marketing plan the business needs to be clear on its objectives and how they will achieve them. A good marketing plan makes realistic, measurable and very clear objectives, which includes deadlines, provides a budget and designates responsibilities. A marketing plan is comprised of an analysis of the current market of the business, the business’ objectives, the business’ key strategies, the business’ actions to attaining their objectives, their allocated budget and the effective timing of entering and positioning in the market Regardless of what type of market research a business will do, the focus should be on gathering sufficient information to find out who the potential customers are, if there is product or service demand for the business, if there are competitors in the scope of the business and how can the business be successful in the marketplace that they belong to. A comprehensive and a well-written marketing plan is very vital to all business undertakings because it illustrates how the business plan to attract and retain customers, how they will compete with their competitors, and what resources will they have available to attain the identified goals of the business. (Paul, 1997) Marketing Strategy and its Various Components In the present intense competition in the marketplace, a strategy that guarantees a coherent approach providing the business’ product or service in a way that it will outperform its competitors is very crucial. On the other hand, by defining the marketing strategy of the business, it is a must to have a well-written methodology for the everyday process of implementing it. There is little value to strategy when the business lacks the resources or the know-how in its implementation. The process of developing a marketing strategy involves the consideration of many factors. Out of those factors some are more important compared with the others. For the reason that each strategy must prioritize some distinct considerations, it is not rational to determine each important factor at a generic level. (Porter, 1998) In developing a marketing strategy, there are two major components, which are: How will the business address the competition in the market How will the business carry out and support their daily operations After selecting the direction which is the most ideal for the overall objectives of the business, the next step is to consider the following factors in order to select a strategy for the offering that will outsell in the market: (Porter, 1998) Pricing After determining the overall objective of the offering and selecting a generic strategy, the business should then decide on the range of closely associated operational strategies. One of these is how will the business price the offering. The pricing strategy is mostly influenced by the business’ necessity for net income and the objectives for stable market control. Promotion In order to sell an offering, the business should effectively promote and advertise it. Place of Distribution The business must choose the distribution channel and the method that will be utilized to get the offering into the close to the customer. Product/Service The business should be scrupulously familiar with the factors that launch products/services as strong contenders in the marketplace. Once the strategy is defined the must use the gathered information to determine whether this strategy will attain the objective of making the business competitive in the marketplace. Marketing Plan and a Marketing Strategy Fitting Together The marketing plan is how the business puts marketing strategy into practice. It is worth emphasizing the main points of the business’ strategy in the plan. The marketing plan functions as a detailed road map for the planning and supervision of all marketing undertakings for a given period. An effective marketing plan must be customized and it may be essential to change a range of sections to meet the changing needs of the business to which it applies. Effective marketing plans start by studying what is presently happening and what has happened in the past. It is unworkable to build up solid plans for the future if the present situation is misunderstood. The marketing plan can then be considered as the practical application of their marketing strategy. In effect, the business will not have a marketing plan without a marketing strategy. Then marketing strategies sets in by being delivered by the business’ detailed marketing plan. Conclusion Operating successful business is not an easy task; it involves a great deal of business knowledge. Marketing is simply all about letting people know about the product or service that a certain business offers, and influencing potential customers to buy or use it. And for effective marketing the business have to let people know about their product or service constantly and to do this, the business will to have to come up with both an appropriate and effective marketing strategy and a marketing plan. References: Paul, S. (2007). Why Need a Marketing Plan?, Legal Zoom Article Center. Porter, M. (1998). Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, Free Press. Winer, R.S. (2007). Marketing Management, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Effects of Globalization on the Society Essay Example

Effects of Globalization on the Society Essay Example Effects of Globalization on the Society Essay Effects of Globalization on the Society Essay Globalization is one of the modern-day policies implemented in effort to decide the economic quandary of assorted states and to promote free fluxing economic minutess among states. And as such. globalisation has become an influential phenomenon making assorted planetary Scopess. It is an international procedure by which states are being pushed to organize a individual and incorporate planetary society. The different societies within a globalized community undergo assorted transmutation and developments which are comprised of common patterns and beliefs known as the cultural universals. The cultural universals are versions in run intoing the demands of the members of the society in footings of nutrient. vesture and shelter. Developments are achieved through inventions. Invention is the procedure of shooting new thoughts or objects within a civilization. And with these alterations and inventions. this procedure besides renders societal effects. There are two types of inventions: find and innovation. The Chapter 3 of the book Sociology a Brief Introduction explained how development in civilization occurs in the planetary scene. This chapter expounded the assorted constructs refering to the development of civilizations such as globalisation. diffusion and engineering ( Schaefer 58-60 ) . The current globalisation policy renders effects on the assorted facets of the society. Globalization is a wide term. It encompasses the assorted facets of the state including political relations. society and economic system. More frequently than non. globalisation is associated to the economic activities of the state but it besides affects the assorted facets of society. Globalization Globalization is the integrating of the economic systems and societies worldwide. Globalization is considered as one of the most hotly-debated subjects in the field of international economic sciences over the past few old ages ( Globalization ) . It is the procedure of doing the local or regional phenomenon into a planetary 1. The states are unified into a individual society which carry out the map together. It is like incorporating the economic. technological. sociocultural and political facets of the state ( Croucher 10 ) . Whenever globalisation is mentioned. it is frequently associated with economic constructs and activities. Globalization is viewed as an economic procedure that integrates national economic systems into one international economic system profiting the activities of the built-in economic system ( Bhagwati 3 ) . The term has been often defined by different economic experts. and as the such. the construct of globalisation has developed so many definitions in conformity to the society’s point of position where the term is being utilized. The term globalization has been around for rather a long clip. The construct has non been popular until the late eightiess and 1990s when its theoretical constructs became more good known. But the activities of globalisation has already been put to pattern even during the early times when the European states colonized other parts of the universe ( Yergin ) . The first moving ridge of globalisation occurred during the nineteenth century which resulted to an unbelievable addition and growing in the international trade and economic interaction with the European states ruling the world’s economic activities ( Yergin ) . But the construct of globalisation became more marked and used after the Second World War. The outgrowth of this construct came from the thought of the Reconstruction of societies after the devastations caused by the war. The constitution of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank became two of the most influential international organisations that pioneered the Reconstruction of war-devastated states and became relevant agents in reconstructing economic advancement and stableness in these states. Effectss of Globalization Globalization is a strategic economic procedure which aims to supply prosperity and growing to the world’s economic system. However. globalisation has advantages and disadvantages. Although in the economic point of position. globalisation is a positive and good procedure. But its part to the overall addition in the planetary prosperity is still alone. Globalization creates a procedure of circulating modern methods and equipments needed in the modern-day endeavor direction. economic growing and planetary funding. This manner. globalisation besides increases labour productiveness and efficiency of the factors of production ( Bozyk 3 ) . Furthermore. globalisation hastens the motion of the indispensable factors of production. particularly the capital and engineering. The other factors increasing the production is fleetly traveling such as new and advanced thoughts. modern engineerings and production methods. Consumers. on the other manus. besides benefit from the procedure by buying high-quality merchandises due to the addition efficiency in production. In this procedure. globalisation influences the ingestion and quality of the merchandises ( Bozyk 4 ) . The communicating and information industries are besides greatly influenced by globalisation procedure. Information disseminated under the dogmas of free trade and in the coming of advanced engineering tools and appliances rendered the information industry free motion and easy entree to the people. The outgrowth of internet handiness and telephone services brought information closer to the people. On the other manus. globalisation besides renders disadvantages that are inappropriate to some states prosecuting in the modern-day economic tendency. Some of these disadvantages include the world that globalisation merely brings net income to the affluent and well-developed states and amplifies the fringy difference of the well-developed and developing states. The international economic policy is tilting towards the wealthy and powerful states and is unsuitable to the developing states ( Gavrilenkov et. al 233 ) . Furthermore. some states are using globalisation to set up universe domination. authorization and power which will enable stronger states to pull strings the relationships of different states within the international order. Nowadays. the United States is basking the position of being one of the strongest states or likely the exclusive universe world power. However. the current position of China. its economic stableness. and the rate at which the Chinese economic system advancements will shortly equal United States in footings of industry. wealth and technological betterments ( Hurst 91 ) . Plants Cited Bhagwati. Jagdish. In Defense of Globalization. Oxford. New York: Oxford University Press. 2004. Bozyk. Pawel. Globalization and the Transformation of Foreign Economic Policy. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Limited. 2006. Croucher. Shiela L. Globalization and Belonging: The Politicss of Identity a Changing World. Lanham. Maryland: Rowman A ; Littlefield. 2004. Gavrilenkov. Evgeny. Paul J. J. Welfens and Ralf Wiegert. Economic Opening Up and Growth in Russia. New York: Springer Verlag Berlin Heidlberg. 2004. Globalization . 2001. The World Bank Group. 10 October 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www1. worldbank. org/economicpolicy/globalization/ gt ; . Hurst. Charles E. Social Inequality: Forms. Causes and Consequences. Boston: Allyn A ; Bacon. 2006. Schaefer. Richard T. Sociology: A Brief Introduction. United Kingdom: Academic Internet Publishers Incorporated. 2006. Yergin. David. Commanding Heights . n. d. 10 October 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. phosphate buffer solution. org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/tr_show01. hypertext markup language gt ; .